Literature summary for 1.14.13.122 extracted from

Li, Q.; Zhou, S.; Liu, W.; Zhai, Z.; Pan, Y.; Liu, C.; Chern, M.; Wang, H.; Huang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Tang, J.; Du, H.
A chlorophyll a oxygenase 1 gene ZmCAO1 contributes to grain yield and waterlogging tolerance in maize (2021), J. Exp. Bot., 72, 3155-3167 .

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Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
gene ZmCAO1, bulked segregant analysis (BSA)-based mapping of the ZmCAO1 gene, quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis	Zea mays

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
additional information	ZmCAO1 gene disruption by 51 bp pPopin transposon insertion abolishing transcription. Reduced enzyme activity of ZmCAO1 leads to reduced concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, resulting in the yellow-green leaf phenotype of the ygl mutant. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are decreased in the ygl mutant, while concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) are increased. In addition, a ZmCAO1 mutation results in downregulation of key photosynthetic genes, limits photosynthetic assimilation, and reduces plant height, ear size, kernel weight, and grain yield. Furthermore, the zmcao1 mutant shows enhanced reactive oxygen species production leading to sensitivity to waterlogging. These results demonstrate the pleiotropy of ZmCAO1 function in photosynthesis, grain yield, and waterlogging tolerance in maize. Phenotypes of the ygl and cao1cao1 mutants, detailed overview	Zea mays

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
chloroplast	-	Zea mays	9507	-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+	Zea mays	second half-reaction	chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+	-	?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+	Zea mays	overall reaction	chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+	-	?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+	Zea mays	first half-reaction	71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Zea mays	A0A3L6GA89	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
leaf	-	Zea mays	-
seedling	-	Zea mays	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+	second half-reaction	Zea mays	chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+	-	?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+	overall reaction	Zea mays	chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+	-	?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+	first half-reaction	Zea mays	71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
CAO1	-	Zea mays
CAO_1	-	Zea mays
chlorophyll a oxygenase 1	-	Zea mays
ZmCAO1	-	Zea mays

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
NADPH	-	Zea mays

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
malfunction	the yellow-green leaf (ygl) mutant phenotype is caused by mutation of the gene which encodes a chlorophyll a oxygenase in maize (ZmCAO1). A 51 bp Popin transposon insertion in ZmCAO1 strongly disrupts its transcription. Reduced enzyme activity of ZmCAO1 leads to reduced concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, resulting in the yellow-green leaf phenotype of the ygl mutant. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are decreased in the ygl mutant, while concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) are increased. In addition, a ZmCAO1 mutation results in downregulation of key photosynthetic genes, limits photosynthetic assimilation, and reduces plant height, ear size, kernel weight, and grain yield. Furthermore, the zmcao1 mutant shows enhanced reactive oxygen species production leading to sensitivity to waterlogging. Pleiotropy of ZmCAO1 function in photosynthesis, grain yield, and waterlogging tolerance in maize	Zea mays
metabolism	the enzyme CAO plays a role in chlorophyll biosynthesis	Zea mays
physiological function	chlorophylls function in photosynthesis and are critical to plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stimuli. Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyll a by chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO). Chlorophyll a oxygenase 1 gene ZmCAO1 contributes to grain yield and waterlogging tolerance in maize, and the corresponding YGL gene is associated with the development of ear traits and grain yield. ZmCAO1 is involved in the regulation of photosystem, light-harvesting, and the development of endosperm and embryo, large set of genes is involved in photosynthesis and development of kernels	Zea mays

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)