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Literature summary for 1.1.1.21 extracted from

  • Balestri, F.; Cappiello, M.; Moschini, R.; Rotondo, R.; Buggiani, I.; Pelosi, P.; Mura, U.; Del-Corso, A.
    L-Idose: an attractive substrate alternative to D-glucose for measuring aldose reductase activity (2015), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 456, 891-895.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
cloning from human placenta RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR and recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS. The recombinant protein presents an additional methionine at the N-terminus as the sole modification compared to the native enzyme Homo sapiens

KM Value [mM]

KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
0.8
-
L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
4
-
L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens
71.5
-
D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
205
-
D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Mg2+ required Homo sapiens

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
34000
-
x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Homo sapiens
34000
-
x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Homo sapiens glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Bos taurus glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Bos taurus P16116
-
-
Homo sapiens P15121
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment) Organism
enzyme from bovine lens Bos taurus
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS Homo sapiens

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
lens
-
Bos taurus
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
1.2
-
purified enzyme, pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
5.3
-
purified enzyme, pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Homo sapiens D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Bos taurus D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
-
Bos taurus glycerol + NADP+
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
-
Homo sapiens glycerol + NADP+
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+
-
Homo sapiens alditol + NADP+
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Bos taurus alditol + NADP+
-
?
additional information despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements Homo sapiens ?
-
?
additional information despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements Bos taurus ?
-
?

Subunits

Subunits Comment Organism
? x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Homo sapiens
? x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Bos taurus

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
AKR1B1 gene name, UniProt Homo sapiens
AKR1B1 gene name, UniProt Bos taurus
aldose reductase
-
Homo sapiens
aldose reductase
-
Bos taurus
BAR
-
Bos taurus
HAR
-
Homo sapiens

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
37
-
assay at Homo sapiens
37
-
assay at Bos taurus

Turnover Number [1/s]

Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
29
-
D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
30
-
L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
126
-
D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens
143
-
L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
6.8
-
assay at Homo sapiens
6.8
-
assay at Bos taurus

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
NADPH
-
Homo sapiens
NADPH
-
Bos taurus

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
metabolism first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway Homo sapiens
metabolism first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway Bos taurus
physiological function aldehyde reductase exerts a detoxifying action and at the same time triggers a cell signaling cascade related to the antioxidant defense. The reduction of glucose catalyzed by aldose reductase, which is the first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway, is considered as one of the main deleterious events leading to the onset of diabetic complications. In fact, the accumulation of sorbitol and the concomitant reduction in the antioxidant's capability are significant factors leading to cell damage Homo sapiens
physiological function aldehyde reductase exerts a detoxifying action and at the same time triggers a cell signaling cascade related to the antioxidant defense. The reduction of glucose catalyzed by aldose reductase, which is the first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway, is considered as one of the main deleterious events leading to the onset of diabetic complications. In fact, the accumulation of sorbitol and the concomitant reduction in the antioxidant's capability are significant factors leading to cell damage Bos taurus