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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments Also converts other alditols containing an L-threo-configuration adjacent to a primary alcohol group into the corresponding sugars. The enzyme from Agrobacterium fabrum C58 is part of D-altritol and galactitol degradation pathways.
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Synonyms
galactitol dehydrogenase, dulcitol dehydrogenase, galactitol 2-dehydrogenase,
more
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dulcitol dehydrogenase
-
-
-
-
galactitol dehydrogenase
-
-
galactitol dehydrogenase
-
-
-
Lad1
-
-
LadB
-
-
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galactitol + NAD+ = D-tagatose + NADH + H+
Also converts other alditols containing an L-threo-configuration adjacent to a primary alcohol group into the corresponding sugars
-
-
-
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galactitol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase
Also converts other alditols containing an L-threo-configuration adjacent to a primary alcohol group into the corresponding sugars. The enzyme from Agrobacterium fabrum C58 is part of D-altritol and galactitol degradation pathways.
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1,2-butanediol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
1,2-pentanediol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
high activity
-
-
?
1,2-propanediol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
1,6-hexanediol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
best substrate
-
-
?
2-butanol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
adonitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
D-arabinitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
D-mannitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
D-ribitol + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
L-arabinitol + NAD+
L-ribulose + NADH + H+
L-arabitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-ribulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
L-iditol + NAD+
L-sorbose + NADH
-
-
-
r
myosinitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
additional information
?
-
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
high activity
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
high activity
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
HPLC and NMR product analyses
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
HPLC and NMR product analyses
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
HPLC and NMR product analyses
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
L-xylo-3-hexulose is a product of the Lad1 reaction in the alternative D-galactose pathway in Trichoderma reesei
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-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
HPLC and NMR product analyses
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
L-xylo-3-hexulose is a product of the Lad1 reaction in the alternative D-galactose pathway in Trichoderma reesei
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-
r
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabinitol + NAD+
L-ribulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabinitol + NAD+
L-ribulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
Lad1 is also active in the L-arabinose pathway as the L-arabitol-4-dehydrogenase
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
Lad1 is also active in the L-arabinose pathway as the L-arabitol-4-dehydrogenase
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-
r
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
-
-
-
r
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is also active with ribitol, xylitol, and to a lesser extent with D-sorbitol. No activity with mannitol and D-arabitol
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-
?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is also active with ribitol, xylitol, and to a lesser extent with D-sorbitol. No activity with mannitol and D-arabitol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the purified recombinant RlGDH catalyzes the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including polyvalent aliphatic alcohols and polyols, to the correspondingketones and ketoses. Among various polyols, galactitol is the preferred substrate of the enzyme. No activity with ethanol, pentanol, and propanol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the purified recombinant RlGDH catalyzes the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including polyvalent aliphatic alcohols and polyols, to the correspondingketones and ketoses. Among various polyols, galactitol is the preferred substrate of the enzyme. No activity with ethanol, pentanol, and propanol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
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the enzyme is also active with ribitol, xylitol, and to a lesser extent with D-sorbitol. No activity with mannitol and D-arabitol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is also active with ribitol, xylitol, and to a lesser extent with D-sorbitol. No activity with mannitol and D-arabitol
-
-
?
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D-ribitol + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-ribulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
L-iditol + NAD+
L-sorbose + NADH
-
-
-
r
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
xylitol + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
D-tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
L-xylo-3-hexulose is a product of the Lad1 reaction in the alternative D-galactose pathway in Trichoderma reesei
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
L-xylo-3-hexulose + NADH + H+
-
L-xylo-3-hexulose is a product of the Lad1 reaction in the alternative D-galactose pathway in Trichoderma reesei
-
-
r
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
galactitol + NAD+
tagatose + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
Lad1 is also active in the L-arabinose pathway as the L-arabitol-4-dehydrogenase
-
-
r
L-arabitol + NAD+
L-xylulose + NADH + H+
-
Lad1 is also active in the L-arabinose pathway as the L-arabitol-4-dehydrogenase
-
-
r
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
-
-
-
r
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH
-
-
-
?
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additional information
the cofactor binding site in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases enzymes is characterized by the conserved NAD-binding glycine-rich Rossmann fold domain (TGGGRAIG)
-
NAD+
-
-
NADH
-
dependent on
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Mg2+
required, the enzyme contains one magnesium atom per dimer, consistent with the presence of a structural metal ion. The homotetrameric enzyme contains two Mg2+ binding sites
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additional information
additional information
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
8.8
galactitol
pH 9.5, 35°C
200
galactitol
-
about, pH and temperature not specified in the publication
200
galactitol
-
about, pH and temperature not specified in the publication
1
L-arabitol
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
55
L-arabitol
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
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13.91
galactitol
pH 9.5, 35°C
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1.581
galactitol
pH 9.5, 35°C
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6.5 - 10
activity profile, overview. The enzyme shows over 60% of its maximum activity at pH values of 8.0-10.0
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15 - 55
activity profile, overview
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gene ladB
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brenda
gene ladB
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brenda
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brenda
-
-
-
brenda
bv. viciae
UniProt
brenda
-
UniProt
brenda
gene lad1
-
-
brenda
gene lad1
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
bv. viciae
UniProt
brenda
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-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
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evolution
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LadB belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenases
evolution
galactitol 2-dehydrogenase belongs to the protein subfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases
evolution
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galactitol 2-dehydrogenase belongs to the protein subfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases
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evolution
-
LadB belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenases
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malfunction
-
deletion of ladB in Aspergillus niger results in growth arrest on galactitol and significantly slower growth on D-galactose supplemented with a small amount of D-xylose. D-Galactose alone cannot be utilised by Aspergillus niger and the addition of D-xylose stimulates growth on D-galactose via transcriptional activation of the D-xylose-inducible reductase gene, xyrA
malfunction
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deletion of ladB in Aspergillus niger results in growth arrest on galactitol and significantly slower growth on D-galactose supplemented with a small amount of D-xylose. D-Galactose alone cannot be utilised by Aspergillus niger and the addition of D-xylose stimulates growth on D-galactose via transcriptional activation of the D-xylose-inducible reductase gene, xyrA
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metabolism
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LadB catalyzes a step in the oxido-reductive pathway for D-galactose catabolism in filamentous fungi, overview
metabolism
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LadB catalyzes a step in the oxido-reductive pathway for D-galactose catabolism in filamentous fungi, overview
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additional information
homology modeling and sequence analysisA , overview. The active site contains residues Asn119,Ser147, Tyr162, and Lys166 which are conserved in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases
additional information
-
homology modeling and sequence analysisA , overview. The active site contains residues Asn119,Ser147, Tyr162, and Lys166 which are conserved in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases
-
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GDH_AGRFC
Agrobacterium fabrum (strain C58 / ATCC 33970)
256
0
26712
Swiss-Prot
-
GDH_RHIL3
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (strain 3841)
257
1
27289
Swiss-Prot
-
SDH_CERSP
256
0
27014
Swiss-Prot
-
A0A546YY75_RHIRD
256
0
26859
TrEMBL
-
A0A6J4XSI4_9DELT
257
0
26878
TrEMBL
-
A0A811H4H1_9BURK
246
0
25521
TrEMBL
-
A0A654BUN3_9STAP
259
0
28017
TrEMBL
-
A0A8F8NF48_9HYPH
256
0
26812
TrEMBL
-
A0A6J5ERC1_9BURK
250
0
26749
TrEMBL
-
A0A5D9CT91_9HYPH
256
0
26844
TrEMBL
-
A0A811H0X4_9BURK
230
0
24016
TrEMBL
-
A0A653YUT0_9MICO
255
0
26410
TrEMBL
-
A0A3G2DN47_RHIRD
256
0
26782
TrEMBL
-
A0A6J4XJM5_9DELT
257
0
27167
TrEMBL
-
A0A7L5BLH5_9HYPH
256
0
26775
TrEMBL
-
A0A2N7WHK0_9BURK
256
0
27285
TrEMBL
-
A0A546X9M0_AGRRH
256
0
26783
TrEMBL
-
A0A7I0RPP2_9HYPH
256
0
26854
TrEMBL
-
A0A4Z1QPL5_RHIRD
256
0
26803
TrEMBL
-
A0A846LB06_9HYPH
256
0
26756
TrEMBL
-
A0A6J5KG93_9BURK
256
0
27715
TrEMBL
-
A0A4U6AMK8_9HYPH
257
0
26802
TrEMBL
-
A0A6S6XRX5_9FIRM
254
0
27430
TrEMBL
-
A0A6S7FEK4_9BURK
234
0
24235
TrEMBL
-
A0A4D7YIX1_RHIRD
257
0
26801
TrEMBL
-
A0A546XM76_RHIRD
256
0
26810
TrEMBL
-
A0A6S7AVL0_9BURK
256
0
26986
TrEMBL
-
A0A4D7YGR0_RHIRD
256
0
26736
TrEMBL
-
A0A6S7CFQ7_9BURK
234
1
24261
TrEMBL
-
A0A654ADB4_9SPHN
253
1
26420
TrEMBL
-
A0A5B8KP15_RHIRD
256
0
26785
TrEMBL
-
A0A4Z1R5E0_9HYPH
256
0
26965
TrEMBL
-
GATDH_CERSP
254
0
26385
Swiss-Prot
-
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114000
recombinant enzyme, gel filtration
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homotetramer
4 * 28000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE, 4 * 27289, sequence calculation
homotetramer
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4 * 28000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE, 4 * 27289, sequence calculation
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additional information
sequence alignment and secondary structure prediction, homology modeling and sequence analysis, overview
additional information
-
sequence alignment and secondary structure prediction, homology modeling and sequence analysis, overview
-
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additional information
-
construction of ladBDELTA enzyme-deficient Aspergillus niger strains
additional information
-
construction of ladBDELTA enzyme-deficient Aspergillus niger strains
-
additional information
-
construction of ladBDELTA enzyme-deficient Aspergillus niger strains
additional information
-
construction of ladBDELTA enzyme-deficient Aspergillus niger strains
-
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30 - 40
when tested at 30°C and 35°C, the enzyme is able to retain about 50% of its activity after 114 and 54 min, respectively, while at 40°C, 50% of its activity is retained after 28 min
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-20°C, 5% loss of activity within 5 months
-
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recombinant C-terminally His6-tagged LadB from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CEN.PK2-1D by nickel affinity chromatography
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recombinant His-tagged enzyme in an active soluble form from Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) by nickel affinity chromatography
partial
-
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expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
gene lad1, expression of C-terminally His6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
gene ladB, orf JGI183900, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression of C-terminally His6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), functional expression of gene ladB under the lac promoter, functional co-expression of Aspergillus niger wild-type and C-terminally His6-tagged LadB and LadA, encoding L-arabitol dehydrogenae, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CEN.PK2-1D
-
gene rlgdh, recombinant overexpression of His-tagged enzyme in an active soluble form in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3)
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gene lad1 is induced in response to L-arabinose, D-galactose, and galactitol
gene ladB is induced in response to D-galactose and galactitol
gene lad1 is induced in response to L-arabinose, D-galactose, and galactitol
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gene lad1 is induced in response to L-arabinose, D-galactose, and galactitol
-
-
gene ladB is induced in response to D-galactose and galactitol
-
gene ladB is induced in response to D-galactose and galactitol
-
-
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synthesis
the enzyme can be used to produce optically pure building blocks and for the bioconversion of bioactive compounds
synthesis
a yeast strain capable of consuming lactose intracellularly is engineered to produce tagatose from lactose. GAL1 coding for galactose kinase is deleted to eliminate galactose utilization. Heterologous xylose reductase (XR) and galactitol dehydrogenase (GDH) are introduced into the Gal1 deletion strain. The expression levels of XR and GDH are adjusted to maximize tagatose production. The resulting engineered yeast produces 37.69 g/l of tagatose from lactose with a tagatose and galactose ratio of 9:1 in the reaction broth
synthesis
-
the enzyme can be used to produce optically pure building blocks and for the bioconversion of bioactive compounds
-
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Allenza, P.; Lee, Y.N.; Lessie, T.G.
Enzymes related to fructose utilization in Pseudomonas cepacia
J. Bacteriol.
150
1348-1356
1982
Burkholderia cepacia
brenda
Primrose, S.B.; Ronson, C.W.
Polyol metabolism by Rhizobium trifolii
J. Bacteriol.
141
1109-1114
1980
Rhizobium leguminosarum
brenda
Shaw, D.R.D.
Galactitol dehydrogenase
Methods Enzymol.
5
323-325
1962
Pseudomonas sp.
-
brenda
Mojzita, D.; Koivistoinen, O.M.; Maaheimo, H.; Penttilae, M.; Ruohonen, L.; Richard, P.
Identification of the galactitol dehydrogenase, LadB, that is part of the oxido-reductive D-galactose catabolic pathway in Aspergillus niger
Fungal Genet. Biol.
49
152-159
2012
Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, CBS 113.46, Trichoderma reesei QM6a
brenda
Jagtap, S.S.; Singh, R.; Kang, Y.C.; Zhao, H.; Lee, J.K.
Cloning and characterization of a galactitol 2-dehydrogenase from Rhizobium legumenosarum and its application in D-tagatose production
Enzyme Microb. Technol.
58-59
44-51
2014
Rhizobium leguminosarum (Q1MLL4), Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 (Q1MLL4)
brenda
Liu, J.J.; Zhang, G.C.; Kwak, S.; Oh, E.J.; Yun, E.J.; Chomvong, K.; Cate, J.H.D.; Jin, Y.S.
Overcoming the thermodynamic equilibrium of an isomerization reaction through oxidoreductive reactions for biotransformation
Nat. Commun.
10
1356
2019
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (Q1MLL4)
brenda
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